diode
A cikin kayan aikin lantarki, na'urar da ke da lantarki guda biyu waɗanda kawai ke ba da izinin gudana ta hanya guda ɗaya ana amfani da ita don aikin gyarawa. Kuma ana amfani da diodes varactor azaman masu iya daidaitawa na lantarki. Jagorancin halin yanzu wanda yawancin diodes ya mallaka ana kiransa da aikin "gyara". Mafi yawan aikin diode shine ƙyale halin yanzu ya wuce ta hanya ɗaya kawai (wanda aka sani da son zuciya), da kuma toshe shi a baya (wanda aka sani da reverse bias). Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar diodes azaman nau'ikan lantarki na bawul ɗin duba.
Farkon injin diode na lantarki; Na'urar lantarki ce da za ta iya gudanar da halin yanzu ba tare da kai tsaye ba. Akwai mahaɗar PN tare da tashoshi biyu na gubar a cikin diode semiconductor, kuma wannan na'urar lantarki tana da ɗawainiyar halin yanzu unidirectional bisa ga alƙawarin ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da shi. Gabaɗaya magana, kristal diode shine haɗin haɗin pn wanda aka kafa ta nau'in p-type da n-type semiconductor. Ana samun nau'ikan cajin sararin samaniya a bangarorin biyu na mahallin sa, suna samar da filin lantarki da aka gina da kansa. Lokacin da wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ta yi daidai da sifili, yanayin watsawar da ke haifar da bambancin maida hankali na masu ɗaukar kaya a bangarorin biyu na pn junction da drift current da ke haifar da filin lantarki da kansa ya yi daidai kuma a cikin yanayin ma'aunin wutar lantarki, wanda kuma yake. Halin diodes a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada.
Diodes na farko sun haɗa da “cat whisker crystals” da bututun injin ruwa (wanda aka sani da “bawul ɗin ionization na thermal” a cikin Burtaniya). Mafi yawan diodes a zamanin yau galibi suna amfani da kayan semiconductor kamar silicon ko germanium.

hali
Tabbatacce
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki na gaba, a farkon halayen gaba, ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana da ƙanƙanta sosai kuma bai isa ya shawo kan tasirin toshe wutar lantarki a cikin mahadar PN ba. Na gaba halin yanzu kusan sifili, kuma wannan sashe ake kira da matattu zone. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba wanda ba zai iya yin motsin diode ba ana kiransa matattu zone voltage. Lokacin da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba ya fi ƙarfin wutar lantarki na yankin da ya mutu, an shawo kan filin lantarki a cikin mahadar PN, diode yana gudana a gaba, kuma halin yanzu yana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da karuwar ƙarfin lantarki. A cikin kewayon al'ada na amfani na yanzu, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na diode ya kasance kusan koyaushe yayin gudanarwa, kuma ana kiran wannan ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na diode. Lokacin da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba a kan diode ya wuce wani ƙima, filin lantarki na ciki yana raguwa da sauri, yanayin halin yanzu yana ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma diode yana gudana a gaba. Ana kiransa ƙarfin wutan kofa ko ƙarfin wuta, wanda shine kusan 0.5V don bututun silicon kuma kusan 0.1V don bututun germanium. Juyin wutar lantarki na gaba na diodes silicon yana kusan 0.6-0.8V, kuma juzu'in wutar lantarki na gaba na diodes germanium kusan 0.2-0.3V.
Juya polarity
Lokacin da wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta wuce wani kewayon ba, na yanzu da ke wucewa ta diode shine juzu'in halin yanzu da aka samu ta motsin ƴan tsiraru. Saboda ƙaramin juzu'i na baya, diode yana cikin yanayin yankewa. Wannan juzu'in halin yanzu ana kuma san shi da juyi jikewar halin yanzu ko ɗigogi na yanzu, kuma juyar da yanayin halin yanzu na diode yana tasiri sosai da zafin jiki. Juyin halin yanzu na siliki transistor na yau da kullun ya yi ƙasa da na transistor germanium. Juya saturation halin yanzu na silican transistor mai ƙarancin ƙarfi yana cikin tsari na nA, yayin da na ƙaramin ƙarfin germanium transistor yana cikin tsari na μ A. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi, semiconductor yana jin daɗin zafi, adadin adadin tsirarun dillalai suna ƙaruwa, kuma juzu'in jikewar halin yanzu yana ƙaruwa daidai da haka.

rushewa
Lokacin da wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ta wuce wani ƙima, reverse current zai ƙaru ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ake kira lalatawar lantarki. Muhimmin ƙarfin lantarki da ke haifar da rushewar wutar lantarki ana kiransa ƙarfin jujjuyawar wutan diode. Lokacin da lalacewar wutar lantarki ta faru, diode ɗin ya rasa halayensa na unidirectional. Idan diode bai yi zafi ba saboda lalacewar wutar lantarki, mai yiwuwa ba za a iya lalatar da tafiyar sa ta unidirectional ba har abada. Har yanzu ana iya dawo da aikin sa bayan cire wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi, in ba haka ba diode zai lalace. Don haka, wuce gona da iri irin ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da diode ya kamata a guji yayin amfani.
Diode na'urar tasha ce guda biyu tare da karkatar da kai tsaye, wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa diode na lantarki da diodes crystal. Diodes na lantarki suna da ƙarancin inganci fiye da crystal diodes saboda asarar zafi na filament, don haka da wuya a gansu. Crystal diodes sun fi kowa kuma ana amfani da su. Ana amfani da ɗigon kai tsaye na diodes a kusan dukkanin na'urorin lantarki, kuma diodes na semiconductor suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin da'irori. Suna ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin semiconductor na farko kuma suna da kewayon aikace-aikace.
Juyin wutar lantarki na gaba na diode silicon diode (nau'in mara haske) shine 0.7V, yayin da juzu'in ƙarfin wutar lantarki na diode germanium shine 0.3V. Juyin wutar lantarki na gaba na diode mai fitar da haske ya bambanta da launuka masu haske daban-daban. Akwai galibin launuka uku, kuma takamaiman ƙimar ƙimar ƙarfin wutar lantarki sune kamar haka: ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na diodes masu fitar da hasken wuta shine 2.0-2.2V, ƙarancin wutar lantarki na diode hasken rawaya shine 1.8-2.0V, da ƙarfin lantarki diode na kore haske-emitting diodes ne 3.0-3.2V. Matsakaicin ƙimar halin yanzu yayin fitowar haske na yau da kullun shine kusan 20mA.
Wutar lantarki da halin yanzu na diode ba su da alaƙa da layi, don haka lokacin haɗa diodes daban-daban a layi daya, yakamata a haɗa masu tsayayya masu dacewa.

sifa mai lankwasa
Kamar mahaɗar PN, diodes suna da karkatar da kai tsaye. Halin yanayin lanƙwan siliki na siliki ampere. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki na gaba zuwa diode, halin yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta sosai idan ƙimar wutar lantarki ta yi ƙasa; Lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ya wuce 0.6V, halin yanzu yana fara karuwa da yawa, wanda aka fi sani da kunna wutar lantarki na diode; Lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ya kai kusan 0.7V, diode yana cikin cikakkiyar yanayin gudanarwa, yawanci ana kiransa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na diode, wanda alamar UD ke wakilta.
Domin germanium diodes, kunna-on ƙarfin lantarki ne 0.2V da conduction ƙarfin lantarki UD kusan 0.3V. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki na baya ga diode, halin yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta sosai lokacin da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki ya yi ƙasa, kuma ƙimarsa a halin yanzu ita ce reverse saturation current IS. Lokacin da juyi ƙarfin lantarki ya wuce wani ƙima, halin yanzu yana fara karuwa sosai, wanda ake kira reverse breakdown. Wannan irin ƙarfin lantarki ana kiransa reverse breakdown voltage na diode kuma ana wakilta shi da alamar UBR. Rushewar ƙarfin lantarki na UBR na nau'ikan diodes daban-daban sun bambanta sosai, kama daga dubun volts zuwa volts dubu da yawa.

Komawar lalacewa
Rushewar Zener
Za a iya raba rugujewar juzu'i zuwa nau'i biyu dangane da tsarin: lalatawar Zener da rushewar Avalanche. A cikin yanayin babban adadin kuzari, saboda ƙananan nisa na yankin shinge da kuma babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki, tsarin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin yankin shingen ya lalace, yana haifar da valence electrons don warwarewa daga haɗin haɗin gwiwa da samar da nau'ikan rami na lantarki. wanda ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a halin yanzu. Ana kiran wannan rushewar Zener breakdown. Idan maida hankali na doping yayi ƙasa kuma nisa na yankin shingen yana da faɗi, ba abu bane mai sauƙi don haifar da rushewar Zener.

Rushewar dusar ƙanƙara
Wani nau'in lalacewa shine rushewar dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin da juzu'in wutar lantarki ya ƙaru zuwa babban ƙima, filin lantarki da ake amfani da shi yana haɓaka saurin ɗigon lantarki, yana haifar da karo da valence electrons a cikin haɗin haɗin gwiwa, yana fitar da su daga haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa kuma yana samar da sabbin nau'ikan rami na lantarki. Sabbin ramukan electrons da aka kera ana yin su ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki kuma suna yin karo da wasu valence electrons, suna haifar da dusar ƙanƙara kamar haɓakar masu ɗaukar kaya da haɓaka mai ƙarfi a halin yanzu. Irin wannan rugujewar ana kiranta avalanche breakdown. Ko da kuwa nau'in ɓarna, idan na yanzu bai iyakance ba, yana iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin a mahadar PN.